Cortés’ ambition and skill soon became apparent. He acquired vast encomiendas—grants of land and indigenous labor—and took part in expeditions into the interior of Cuba. His ability to navigate both military challenges and colonial politics set him apart.

In 1518, Cortés was appointed leader of an expedition to explore and secure the interior of Mexico, then largely unknown to Europeans. Though originally commissioned by the governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez, relations between them soon soured due to Cortés’ independent streak and growing ambitions.

The Voyage to Mexico and First Contact with Indigenous Peoples

In early 1519, Cortés set sail with a fleet of eleven ships, approximately 500 men, and a handful of horses. Upon landing on the coast of what is now Veracruz, Mexico, he founded the settlement of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, asserting direct authority to bypass Velázquez’s orders.

Cortés quickly forged alliances with indigenous groups who resented Aztec domination, particularly the Tlaxcalans. These alliances proved crucial, providing additional warriors, intelligence, and supplies.

The March to Tenochtitlan

Guided by native allies, Cortés and his forces marched inland toward Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, ruled by Emperor Montezuma II. Along the way, they encountered various indigenous communities, some hostile and others cooperative. Cortés employed a mix of diplomacy, intimidation, and military force to advance.

The Spanish were awestruck by the wealth and splendor of the Aztec Empire. Tenochtitlan was a vast, well-organized city, home to hundreds of thousands of people, with impressive temples, markets, and infrastructure. However, cultural misunderstandings and competing worldviews quickly sowed mistrust. shutdown123