Introduction

Hernán Cortés, one of the most famous and controversial figures of the Age of Exploration, is best known for leading the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in the early 16th century. His audacious expedition reshaped the course of history by initiating European colonization of what would become Mexico and profoundly impacting indigenous civilizations. Often portrayed as a daring explorer, ruthless conqueror, or ambitious opportunist, Cortés remains a complex figure whose legacy continues to spark debate.

This article explores the life of Hernán Cortés—from his early years in Spain to his pivotal role in the conquest of the Aztecs, his subsequent political career, and the enduring effects of his actions on world history.

Early Life and Background

Hernán Cortés was born in 1485 in Medellín, in the Extremadura region of Spain, into a family of lesser nobility. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Cortés did not initially pursue a military career but studied law at the University of Salamanca. However, the lure of adventure and opportunity in the New World led him to abandon his studies.

In 1504, at the age of 19, Cortés sailed to the Americas, arriving in the island of Hispaniola (present-day Dominican Republic and Haiti). There, he quickly gained experience in colonial administration and warfare. By 1511, he participated in the conquest of Cuba under Governor Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, where he earned recognition and a land grant. shutdown123