Montezuma’s initial reaction to the arrival of Cortés remains debated. Some historians suggest he believed Cortés might be the returning god Quetzalcoatl, fulfilling prophecy, while others argue Montezuma was a shrewd ruler attempting to manage a dangerous threat diplomatically.

The emperor welcomed Cortés and his men into the city in November 1519, showering them with gifts of gold and precious goods. However, tensions escalated as the Spanish pressed demands and sought to impose their authority.

The Capture of Montezuma and the Fall of Tenochtitlan

To secure control, Cortés took the unprecedented step of seizing Montezuma hostage within his own palace. This maneuver aimed to control the empire through its leader but alienated many Aztecs.

Conflict erupted in 1520 during Cortés’ absence when he left to confront a rival Spanish expedition sent by Velázquez. The Aztecs revolted, culminating in “La Noche Triste,” a night when the Spanish suffered heavy casualties fleeing the city.

Despite this setback, Cortés regrouped with indigenous allies and laid siege to Tenochtitlan. After months of brutal warfare, starvation, and the devastation caused by smallpox, the Aztec capital fell in August 1521.

Aftermath and Consolidation of Spanish Rule

Following the conquest, Cortés established himself as the governor of New Spain, overseeing the colonization and conversion efforts. He faced challenges including rival Spanish factions, indigenous resistance, and political intrigues.

Cortés also embarked on further expeditions, exploring the Pacific coast and seeking wealth and influence. However, his relationship with the Spanish Crown deteriorated as rivals accused him of abuses and mismanagement. shutdown123